In contrast, the combined antibody and ASL treatment significantly reduced tumor size, compared with the untreated group or anti-PD-1 antibody monotherapy group (Fig. 6b, c), suggesting that Ausome-mediated expansion and accumulation of lymphocytes in the tumor region may have provided a fertile ground for the immune utilization of the PD-1 blocking agent (Fig. 6d). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.