NFE2L2 and infection: Therefore, even with low bacteria internalization by epithelial cells [31] and in the absence of immune cells, AOs recapitulate the contribution of the host NRF2-NQO1 axis on bacteria fitness in the airway, which can be boosted pharmacologically to improve tissue redox homeostasis and to foster infection control in combination with frontline antibiotic treatments, as we exemplified here with cefoxitin.