Moreover, SCFAs (mainly butyrate) have direct inhibitory effects over histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity triggering histone acetylation, modulating gene regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and the inflammatory response, contributing to intestinal homeostasis.40 In agreement with this, we found higher GPR43 and GPR41 mRNA level in colonic samples from RS and ITF groups, respectively, as compared to SLE mice (Figure S8E). This evidence concerns the gene FFAR3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.