PSA had an overall area under the curve (AUC) of 0.61 for detection of any cancer and 0.68 for csPCa (⩾GG2) which is similar to previously reported performance characteristics in the pre-MRI era (AUC = 0.64–0.70).24–28 Based on a single PSA threshold of ⩾ 3 ng/mL, the overall PPV was 40.3% for csPCa although performance characteristics did vary by age group (PPV in 50–59 years, 24.8%, 60–69years, 32.7% and ⩾ 70 years, 56.8%; Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and cancer.