INS and Insulin resistance: Given the close associations between T2DM, insulin resistance, dementia, and AD, researchers are currently examining these associations in a range of pre-clinical and clinical studies including testing the clinical benefit of anti-diabetic drugs such as metformin and insulin [17], as well as incretin analogs (e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] receptor agonists such as liraglutide, semaglutide) [18], in preventing and treating cognitive decline and dementia [19-23].