These observations are in agreement with results previously obtained in both monocots and dicots, where pathogen infection has been shown to increase the expression of AOS, AOC, and downstream JA-signalling components such as JAZ1, COI1, PR14, JIP60, and MYB (Maucher et al., 2000, 2004; Polesani et al., 2010; Cao et al., 2015; Guerreiro et al., 2016). The gene discussed is ARHGAP31; the disease is infection.