TNF and heart failure: Li et al. (2018) found that inhibiting the HIF-1 pathway could regress cardiac remodeling induced by pressure overload. Studies have confirmed that FoxO was increased in human failing hearts (Toth et al., 2011), and overexpression of FoxO can induce adverse remodeling in mice (Battiprolu et al., 2012). Moreover, the MAPK pathway has been confirmed to be associated with chronic HF (Zhang et al., 2021).The TNF signaling pathway participates in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, and causes poor remodeling and heart failure progression (Hanna & Frangogiannis, 2020).