This promotes high levels of secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-7 (IL-7), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), strengthening the immune system’s surveillance and clearance of cancer cells (Rattanakiat et al., 2009; Li et al., 2011; Schuller et al., 2011; Mohri et al., 2012a; Mohri et al., 2012b; Ouyang et al., 2013; Ouyang et al., 2014; Qu et al., 2017; Du et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.