AR and prostate carcinoma: AR gene amplifications primarily occur in response to androgen deprivation therapy and are observed in up to 50% of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer.(12) AR amplifications have been associated with resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone acetate treatment.(13–16) Among non-metastatic prostate cancer patients, AR gene anomalies, while less common, have been associated with poorer clinical outcomes(17).