ADCY1 and diabetes mellitus: According to the literature, glucokinase (GCK) and adenylate cyclases (ADCYs) proteins are considered important targets for diabetes treatment, glucokinase (GCK) serves as the initial and rate-limiting step in pancreatic and hepatic glycolysis (Li et al., 2022), while adenylate cyclases (ADCYs) are involved in the development of diabetes (Abdel-Halim et al., 2020).