Compared to MICT, three to 4 months of HIIT exerted apparent effects on fasting insulin decreases, and cardiovascular fitness increases in males (mean age 42 years) (Poon et al., 2022) and females (mean age 21.2 years) (Sun et al., 2019) with obesity. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.