It was found that salvianolic acid B inhibited TGF-β1/Smad2/3-mediated collagen deposition and suppressed the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/NLRP3/IL-1β and IL-18 signaling pathways, significantly improving cardiac function and reducing susceptibility to AF and duration (74). Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.