Ganglionic plexi ablation is a safe and efficacious method to improve pulmonary vein isolation in patients with AF (62), some scholars investigated the effect of Wenxin Keli on recurrent AF and atrial matrix remodeling after epicardial ganglionic plexi ablation, finding that Wenxin Keli can reduce the incidence of postoperative AF and improve atrial matrix remodeling, including Cx43 upregulation and increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, TNF-α and IL-6 (63). Here, NPPA is linked to atrial fibrillation.