EIF2AK3 and squamous cell carcinoma: Quiescent human epidermoid carcinoma cell models subjected to environmental stress and chemotherapeutic insult in vitro have been shown to upregulate BiP and Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 (PERK) in a p38-dependent manner, leading to increased protein chaperone production and inhibition of the apoptotic protein Bax [103].