CPT1A and cardiac hypertrophy: Heterozygous CPT1-knockout mice subjected to the transverse aorta constriction exhibited exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling.223 Heart-specific (3OH-Butyrate dehydrogenase, type1) BDH1-overexpressing transgenic mice were resistant to fibrosis, contractile dysfunction, and oxidative damage, suggesting that increased ketone body utilization decreased oxidative stress and protected against HF.224 Hence, targeting key enzymes of mitochondrial FAO is important for the treatment of heart disease.