IFNA1 and lobular neoplasia: Studies in a murine model have directly linked IFN and IFN-stimulated genes to pathological and serological changes.17 In patients with LN, elevated type I IFN gene signatures (IFNGS) are associated with more active disease and elevated proteinuria;18 elevated IFNGS in renal tissues is associated with higher rates of treatment failure.19 As the TULIP-1 and TULIP-2 trials excluded patients with active, severe LN,15 16 anifrolumab was investigated in this patient population in a separate trial.