Our previous studies of Mincle, another C-type lectin receptor family member recognizing carbohydrate motifs including M. tuberculosis cord factor, also showed an increase in cytokine production in monocytes with age and HIV infection [32]; thus HIV and age appear to enhance cytokine production downstream of C-type lectin signaling and represent an additional factor that could contribute to age-related chronic inflammation. Here, CLEC4E is linked to HIV infectious disease.