F5 and COVID-19: As shown in Supplementary Figure 4, characteristic biomarkers showed high diagnostic efficacy in distinguishing COVID-19-related IS from control samples, with an AUC of 0.984 (95% CI 0.950–1,000) for B4GALT5, 0.966 (95% CI 0.914–0.998) for CRISPLD2, and 0.991 (95% CI 0.966 to 1.000) for F5.