CREB1 and memory impairment: Furthermore, our recent findings indicated that the phosphorylation levels of CAMKII and CREB in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are inhibited in lithium-induced memory impairment, suggesting that the hippocampus and the PFC CAMKII-CREB signaling pathway may be involved in lithium’s effect on memory deficits (11).