CD8A and neoplasm: Together, these results show that smTRAIL has an immunomodulatory function in the TME, with treatment with 2 mg/kg of smTRAIL activating innate immune cells and CD8+ T cells to suppress tumor growth, whereas treatment with 8 mg/kg of smTRAIL was less effective or even promoted tumor growth, probably due to the formation of a tumor immunosuppressive environment associated with M2 macrophages and the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10.