TGFB1 and cancer: In conclusion, p53 may modulate the anti-cancer immune response via direct activation of immunomodulatory genes, interaction with the cGAS/STING, NF-κB, TGF-β, and STAT3 signaling pathways, direct and indirect effects on immune cells, modulation of PD-L1 and immunomodulatory cytokine levels, and regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.