TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: Among them, lncRNA n336928 may participate in the pathogenesis of AF by regulating fibrosis-related proteins such as Smad2, TGF-β1, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), but its specific expression and functional regulation need further study.