Importantly, Gal-3 is an important mediator of TGF-β-induced PF and can induce EMT and ECM production in PF by promoting TGF-β1 signaling (Sureshbabu et al., 2011; Mackinnon et al., 2012; Oatis et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene LGALS3 and pemphigus foliaceus.