Second, changes in the gut microbiome are relevant to the treatment of T2DM: in the treatment of patients with T2DM, the use of probiotics and prebiotics can regulate the balance of the gut microbiome, thereby improving insulin resistance and blood glucose levels in patients with T2DM (Paul et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023; Dixon et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.