NFKB1 and Insulin resistance: Arginine can reduce the release and expression of inflammatory factors by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of inflammatory factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, to reduce leukocyte infiltration and tissue damage (Liang et al., 2022), thereby ameliorating insulin resistance and abnormal glucose metabolism.