BMI1 and glioblastoma: Of note, BMI1 was identified as one of the top master regulators in GBM but not in LGG, and numerous studies have revealed that BMI1 plays a significant role in promoting cell proliferation, inhibiting cell death, sustaining stem cell renewal, and activating signaling pathways, all of which contribute to the development, progression, and aggressiveness of GBMs (Venugopal et al. 2012, Vora et al. 2019, Flamier et al. 2020, Freire-Benéitez et al. 2021).