IGHE and helminthiasis: Furthermore, this Th2-type response is elicited by most helminth infections e.g. schistosomiasis, and stimulates the production of cytokines and interleukins (ILs), antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG4 and IgE) (38) and expanded populations of eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) (39).