Furthermore, the massive release of copper directly activates various angiogenic factors, including VEGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 (IL-1), promoting inflammatory crosstalk between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages, thereby stimulating local angiogenesis (40). Here, FGF2 is linked to neoplasm.