TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: The activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway has been shown to have beneficial effects on neurons and neural stem cells (Kitagishi et al., 2014; Razani et al., 2021), while dysfunction of the TGF-β/TβRII signaling axis in the AD brain may accelerate Aβ deposition and neurodegeneration (Das and Golde, 2006; Dammer et al., 2022).