Further medical evidences clearly suggested that virus-related HCCs responded better to immunotherapy, while nonviral HCC, especially nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) related HCC showed decreased response to the self-invasion behavior of CD8+PD-1+T cells when compared to viral related HCC, indicating viral hepatitis shows a better treatment response to ICIs33,34. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.