Overall, the T-cell activation as determined by the proportion HLA-DR+/CD38+ or Ki67+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cell, increased after HIV-1 infection, but no significant differences between PWH carrying the minor allele of rs4131564 and PWH homozygous for the major allele were observed either before or after seroconversion (Fig. 1c–f). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.