TGFB1 and esophageal cancer: Yao et al. [159] found that pretreatment with RG108 followed by IR resulted in G2/M arrest and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in cancer cells and thus increased the apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells, possibly through a complex mechanism such as the TGF-β pathway that increases the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cells.