TGFB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: For example, CAF-secreted plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) [69] and TGF-β [70] induce the migration and invasion of ESCC cells through the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways or promote the radioresistance of ESCC through CAF-derived exosomal miR-3656 via the ACAP2/PI3K-AKT pathway [71].