As a matter of fact, the elevated serum AFP levels are only detected in 40%–60% of all the HCC patients and 10%–20% of the early malignancies5; due to its inferior specificity (72%–99%) and suboptimal sensitivity (20%–65%), both the European (EASL) and the U.S (AASLD) guidelines had once removed the AFP for the surveillance of HCC.6, 7, 8, 9. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.