Additionally, in gastric cancer, Nie et al. reported that (i) treacle ribosome biogenesis factor 1 (TCOF1) and DDX5 co-precipitate each other in a non-R-loop-mediated manner (Fig. 2E2); and (ii) depletion of TCOF1 and DDX5 at the same time does not further increase R-loops when compared to TCOF1 depletion alone, indicating their use of the same pathway [37]. Here, TCOF1 is linked to gastric cancer.