TNF and inflammation: These effects may be particularly relevant, as it has been found that patients with chronic migraines often have elevated levels of certain inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which may suggest an underlying systemic inflammatory state, and activation of the trigeminal vascular system leads to a cascade of inflammatory responses, causing neurogenic inflammation, resulting in the sensitization of peripheral and central pain pathways, potentially triggering a migraine attack [34–37].