However, although the functions of these integrins are strongly dependent on the activation of FAK [33, 50] and its downstream signalling, including the PI3K/Akt- and Ras/MAPK-dependent pathways [41–43], no downregulation of Src, FAK, or AKT expression was observed following the loss of ATX or integrin β1 in ovarian cancer cells (Supplementary Fig. S9), which suggested that ATX-integrin signalling regulates the formation of invadopodia in a FAK-independent manner in ovarian cancer. This evidence concerns the gene ENPP2 and ovarian cancer.