VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: The potent antioxidant and anti-thrombotic activity of the tetrapyrrole pigment, bilirubin, has recently garnered its attention as a potential endothelial protective agent from oxidative stress during vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.77,127 Mazzone et al.77 demonstrated that treatment with unconjugated bilirubin inhibited VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin expression in HUVEC and murine heart endothelial immortalized cell (H5V) models, suggesting an anti-inflammatory mechanism of bilirubin in pathological cell adhesion processes mediated by CAMs.