Most notably, it prevents pathological VCAM-1 overexpression and leucocyte recruitment via the immunoblockade of antecedent NF-κB- and Toll-like receptor 4 –dependent pathways.90–94 This atheroprotective potential has been corroborated in vivo with various animal models of experimental atherosclerosis.95,96,140 In particular, Um et al.96 observed that curcumin treatment decreased mRNA and protein expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, and MCP-1 and resultant monocyte adhesion at atheroprone arterial regions in hypercholesterolaemic New Zealand white rabbits. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and atherosclerosis.