VCAM1 and leukemia: This sequence is based on the minimal binding epitopes contained within VLA-4–binding ligands, specifically LDV in fibronectin connecting segment-1 (CS-1)164 and the homologous IDS tripeptide in VCAM-1.165 Makarem et al.101 demonstrated the VCAM-1–antagonizing activity of an ILDV-containing CS-1 peptide that effectively inhibited MOLT-4 T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cell attachment to immobilized recombinant soluble VCAM-1 (rsVCAM-1), MOLT-4 attachment to monolayers of VCAM-1–transfected CV-1 Origin SV40 cells, and A375 melanoma cell spreading.