For example in vascular settings, TGFβ-induced EndMT is also mediated through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)66 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).67 Further, TGFβ-mediated inhibition of primary vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation has been demonstrated to be p38-dependent.68 Unfortunately, much is still to be deciphered in the context of non-canonical TGFβ signalling and PAH. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.