Pharmacodynamic and tumor response analyses using immune-related and RECIST v1.1 assessments from patient case studies from INDUCE-1 provided proof-of-concept support for the clinical evaluation of an ICOS agonist as monotherapy and in combination with PD-1 blockade (Fig. 5; Supplementary Table S6; Supplementary Figs. S11 and S12); for example, in an anti-PD-1–experienced patient with metastatic melanoma, mIF on tumor biopsies taken before and after feladilimab-treatment (1 and 3 mg/kg; Fig. 5A). Here, PDCD1 is linked to metastatic melanoma.