GSDMD and atherosclerosis: In previous studies there were no overt differences in plasma levels of triglycerides or total cholesterol between littermate controls and atherosclerosis-prone mice deficient in GSDMD or caspase-1, but macrophage infiltration in lesions and expression of VCAM-1 and IL-1β in aorta tissue were significantly decreased in atherosclerosis-prone mice lacking GSDMD or caspase-1 (Gage et al., 2012; Usui et al., 2012; Yin et al., 2015; Opoku et al., 2021).