CD274 and neoplasm: This will inhibit the intracellular signaling transduction of T cells, reduce effector T cell activity, induce T cell apoptosis, negatively regulate the anti-tumor immune response and ultimately cause tumor cells to undergo immune escape.229–233 In addition to surface PD-L1 molecule, tumors can also secrete soluble PD-L1, which more readily binds to PD-1 on T cells.234,235 Furthermore, immune cells in TME sometimes are accomplices as well.