VEGFB and cancer: Independent studies have reported anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects of VEGF-B.8–11 For example, in various mouse models, VEGF-B inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth.9,10 In humans, high VEGF-B levels are associated with low tumor angiogenesis, better survival, and low risks of cancer,8,11,12 and low VEGF-B levels high tumor angiogenesis, poor survival, and high risks of cancer,8,11,13 further advocating anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor effects of VEGF-B.