Representative figures of the differences in paired samples are shown in Fig. 3H, I. In conclusion, a more immune suppressive profile was found in the tumor tissue compared to the adjacent tissue in the upfront surgery group, while after NAT, a mixed profile with FoxP3+ B and T cells, but also an increase of CD8 and CD163- macrophages was seen in the tumor tissue. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.