VCAM1 and inflammatory response: Vascular biomarkers have been classified into groups according to their function and action, such as endothelial inflammation (including vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)), thrombosis (including thrombomodulin, plasminogen activation inhibitor, and PAI-1), and glycocalyx (including syndecan-1) (7).