CCL2 and Insulin resistance: Taken together, our data demonstrate that the synbiotic combinations that include pA1c have blood glucose-regulating effects and alleviate insulin resistance by affecting the IIS (upregulating Glut-1, Glut-4 in adipose and muscle tissue, and overexpressing Akt-1 and Insr and downregulating Foxo-1 and Pdk-4 in muscle tissue), reducing inflammation (downregulating CRP and MCP-1 concentration), and promoting β-oxidation (overexpression of Acox-1 and Cpt-2) in mice.