TNF and colorectal carcinoma: In addition, overproduction of pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, and HIF-1α and cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, which are important risk factors for colitis and the development of CRC, has been demonstrated more frequently, especially in the colon due to recurrent inflammation, which could be inhibited by various phytochemicals due to their anti-inflammatory effects, leading to CRC prevention (Gupta et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2017; Fang et al., 2018; Qin et al., 2022; Zeng et al., 2022).