HMGB1 and epilepsy: Animal models of acute and chronic seizures have shown that HMGB-1 receptors are expressed after experimental seizures (Maroso et al., 2010; Rossi et al., 2017) and HMGB-1/Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling plays a role in generating and perpetuating seizures and might be targeted to attain anticonvulsant effects in epilepsies (Maroso et al., 2010).