CXCL12 and vitamin D deficiency: This metastatic prevention with vitamin D supplementation was found to be mediated, in part, through the modulation of cancer associated chemokine interaction of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) with C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4), which is inappropriately elevated with vitamin D deficiency (181).