A similar “black swan“ event has occurred in oncology just over the past decade where very targeted approaches to treating cancer based on well accepted somatic driver mutations (e.g. gain of function receptor tyrosine kinase mutations) were dominant but in many cases have now been superseded by the advent of immuno-oncology (IO) which has been shown to be very effective for certain cancers where boosting immune cell function can dramatically inhibit tumor growth and increase survival [50]. This evidence concerns the gene NTRK1 and cancer.