NFE2L2 and age-related macular degeneration: Reduced mitophagy and impaired NFE2L2 antioxidant signaling that are observed in the early retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of AMD can trigger death-resistant epithelial-mesenchymal transition.340 Two pathways, mitophagy and NFE2L2 antioxidant signaling, work together to inhibit RPE conversion.