Notably, of the eight cancer-related genes, six (TSC1, TSC2, PIK3CA, IGF1R, PDPK1 and AKT2) are known longevity related genes according to GenAge database in human/model organisms [26], and genetic manipulation of these genes can directly lead to shortening or extending lifespan of model organisms. The gene discussed is PDPK1; the disease is cancer.