CCL2 and ischemia: Nitrotyrosine has been found to induce glomerular mesangial cells to express NF-κB, MCP-1, and TGF-β1, leading to inflammation and aggravating nephropathy [57]; Recent study has confirmed that the increment of leukotriene in the kidneys after ischemia, which could further mediate multiple inflammatory reactions causing the kidney damage [58].